Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)
What is Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)?
Common variable immunodeficiency, or CVID, is a primary immune disorder that affects your body's ability to fight infections. People with CVID have low levels of antibodies called immunoglobulins. These proteins normally help your immune system recognize and destroy harmful bacteria and viruses.
CVID is one of the most common primary immunodeficiencies, affecting roughly 1 in 25,000 to 1 in 50,000 people. Most people are diagnosed in their 20s or 30s, though symptoms can appear at any age. The condition gets its name because the severity and symptoms vary widely from person to person.
Without enough working antibodies, your body struggles to clear infections. This leads to frequent respiratory infections, digestive issues, and other health problems. Early detection through blood testing helps people get treatment that can prevent serious complications.
Symptoms
- Frequent sinus infections, ear infections, or bronchitis
- Lung infections or pneumonia that keep coming back
- Chronic diarrhea or digestive problems
- Unexplained weight loss
- Swollen lymph nodes or enlarged spleen
- Chronic fatigue and low energy
- Skin infections that heal slowly
- Autoimmune symptoms affecting joints, skin, or blood
Many people with CVID experience repeated infections that seem to never fully resolve. Some people have milder symptoms that go unnoticed for years before diagnosis.
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Causes and risk factors
CVID happens when your immune system fails to produce enough antibodies. Scientists have identified genetic mutations in some cases, but the exact cause remains unknown for most people. The condition is not usually inherited, though about 1 in 10 people with CVID have a family member with an immune disorder.
Risk factors include having a family history of immune disorders or autoimmune disease. The condition affects men and women equally. Unlike secondary immunodeficiency caused by medications or other illnesses, CVID is a primary disorder that originates in your immune system itself.
How it's diagnosed
Doctors diagnose CVID through blood tests that measure your immunoglobulin levels and assess how well your immune cells function. A lymphocyte count is an important part of this evaluation. Lymphocytes are white blood cells that include B cells and T cells, which work together to fight infections.
People with CVID often show abnormal lymphocyte function or low lymphocyte counts. Rite Aid's testing includes lymphocyte measurement, which can help identify immune system issues that need further investigation. Additional specialized testing measures specific immunoglobulin types and your response to vaccines. Your doctor may order these follow-up tests if your initial blood work suggests CVID.
Treatment options
- Immunoglobulin replacement therapy given through IV infusion or subcutaneous injection
- Antibiotics to treat and sometimes prevent infections
- Regular monitoring of lung function and immune markers
- Nutritional support if digestive symptoms cause malabsorption
- Physical activity tailored to your energy levels and lung health
- Avoiding live vaccines and exposure to contagious illnesses when possible
- Working with an immunologist for specialized care
Concerned about Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)? Get tested at Rite Aid.
- Simple blood draw at your nearest lab
- Results in days, not weeks
- Share results with your doctor
Frequently asked questions
CVID specifically affects your ability to produce antibodies, while other immune disorders may affect different parts of your immune system. The condition varies widely between individuals, which is why it is called variable immunodeficiency. Most people develop symptoms in adulthood rather than childhood.
There is currently no cure for CVID, but treatment can effectively manage symptoms and prevent complications. Regular immunoglobulin replacement therapy provides the antibodies your body cannot make on its own. With proper treatment, many people with CVID live full and active lives.
Most people with CVID need blood tests every 3 to 6 months to monitor immune function and catch complications early. Your doctor will track lymphocyte counts, immunoglobulin levels, and organ function. Regular testing helps your medical team adjust treatment as needed.
CVID is not contagious and cannot spread from person to person. About 10% of cases run in families, but most occur randomly without a clear genetic pattern. If you have CVID, genetic counseling can help you understand risks for future children.
Without treatment, CVID can cause permanent lung damage from repeated infections. Other complications include chronic digestive disease, autoimmune disorders, and an increased risk of certain cancers. Early diagnosis and consistent treatment significantly reduce these risks.
Yes, many people with CVID lead active lives with proper treatment and monitoring. You will need regular immunoglobulin infusions and close medical supervision. Staying informed about your health and following your treatment plan makes a significant difference in outcomes.
Immunoglobulin replacement helps but may not prevent all infections. Your treatment dose might need adjustment, or you may need additional preventive antibiotics. Talk to your immunologist if infections continue despite therapy, as they can fine-tune your treatment plan.
Focus on good hand hygiene, adequate sleep, and balanced nutrition to support your overall health. Avoid crowds during flu season and stay up to date on non-live vaccines. Regular exercise within your limits helps maintain lung function and energy levels.
Many people with CVID develop digestive issues that affect nutrient absorption. Eating a nutrient-dense diet with adequate protein supports immune function and healing. Work with a dietitian if you experience chronic diarrhea or unexplained weight loss.
See a doctor if you have more than 4 ear infections, 2 sinus infections, or 2 pneumonias in one year. Chronic diarrhea, unexplained weight loss, or infections that do not respond to standard treatment are also warning signs. Early blood testing can identify immune problems before serious complications develop.